DNA molecule encoding a variant paraoxonase and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to a DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant paraoxonase protein and to said variant paraoxonase protein as well as a method and a kit for detecting a risk of cancer, coronary or cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes , dementia, joint arthrosis, cataract, or sensitivity to organophosphorus compounds in a subject, the method comprising isolating genomic DNA from said subject, determining the allelic pattern for the codon 102 of the paraoxonase encoding PON 1  gene in the genomic DNA, identification of Ile101Val mutation indicating said risk being increased and for targeting paraoxonase activity modulating therapies. Further this invention relates to transgenic animals comprising a human DNA molecule encoding said variant paraoxonase and to a method of phenotype-targeted gene sequencing.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a DNA molecule encoding a variant human paraoxonase (EC 3.1.1.2), and to said variant paraoxonase protein. The present invention also relates to a method for detecting or predicting the risk of, or predisposition to, cancer, coronary and cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dementia, arthrosis, cataract and sensitivity to organophosphorus compounds in a subject, as well as to a kit or assay for carrying out the said method. This invention also relates to targeting paraoxonase enhancing treatments and to transgenic animals comprising a human DNA molecule encoding said variant paraoxonase and to a method of mutation search.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The publications and other material used herein to illuminate the background of the invention are incorporated by reference.

[0003] Oxidative stress and free radicals have been implicated in the etiology of a number of diseases, including cancers, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dementia and cataract. The human body has a number of endogenous free radicals scavenging systems which have genetic variability. The human serum paraoxonase (PON) is an enzyme carried in the high-density lipoprotein that contributes to the detoxification of organophosphorus compounds but also of toxic products of lipid peroxidation.¹⁻⁹ The paraoxonase hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of several organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, pesticides and nerve agents.

[0004] The PON1 gene is polymorphic in human populations and different individuals also express widely different levels and activities of the paraoxonase enzyme, which is the protein product coded by the gene.^(3,5-7)

[0005] Several polymorphisms are currently known in human PON1. The Gln191 Arg poly-morphism was the first mutation of PON1 reported.^(3,6) The second one is the Met54 Leu.³ Both these polymorphisms have been shown to affect serum PON activity.^(6,10,11)

[0006] Transgenic animals and with lowered paraoxonase activity can be used e.g. to test the effects of organophosphorus compounds, such as insecticides, pesticides and war agents, drugs that affect paraoxonase activity, other antioxidative compounds and drugs, and liver enzyme activity inducing agents.

[0007] A lot of methodological work has been done to locate disease-causing genes or candidate genes. However, there are no previous methodological studies concerning the methods of how to promote the search for mutations in a given or known candidate gene. To facilitate the finding of mutant DNA sequences, we developed a new method of phenotype-targeted gene sequencing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] One object of this invention is to provide a DNA sequence of a variant human PON1 gene and the amino acid sequence of the corresponding variant paraoxonase protein. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for screening a subject to assess if such subject is at risk of cancer, coronary or cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, joint arthrosis or eye cataract, or at risk of being sensitive to organophosphate toxicity. The invention is also directed to a kit or an assay for said method, as well as to a probe for use in said method or kit. A further object of the invention is to provide a method for targeting a paraoxonase enhancing treatment for example for the above mentioned diseases and for organophospate poisoning, and/or for assessing the effectiveness of paraoxonase modifying treatments. A fourth object of the invention is to provide a transgenic animal with a gene encoding a variant paraoxonase. A fifth object of the invention is to provide a method for rapid search of gene mutations. These and further objects will be evident from the following description and claims.

[0009] According to one aspect, the invention concerns a DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant paraoxonase protein with the Ile102Val mutation. The said mutation can, in the alternative, be named also Ile101 Val, if the start codon atg (Met) is not included in the count. In the following description and claims, reference is made to the Ile102 Val mutation, but said reference means within the scope of the invention in the alternative the Ile101 Val mutation in case the alternative way of counting is used. The invention also concerns a variant paraoxonase protein with the Ile102Val mutation.

[0010] According to further aspect, the invention concerns a method for screening a subject to determine if said subject is a carrier of a variant gene encoding a variant paraoxonase, by determining the allelic pattern for the codon 102 of the human PON1 gene, i.e. to determine if the said subject is a carrier of the Ile102Val mutation.

[0011] Specifically such a method comprises the steps of

[0012] a) providing a biological sample of the subject to be screened, and

[0013] b) providing an assay for detecting in the biological sample the presence of the Ile102 Val or Val102 Val genotype of the human PON1 gene.

[0014] The assay result can be used for assessing the subject's risk to develop a low paraoxonase expression related disease such as cancer, coronary or cerebrovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dementia, arthrosis or cataract or sensitivity to organophosphorus compounds, and/or for assessing the effectiveness of paraoxonase-inducing therapy in a subject, whereby identification of a Ile102Val mutation being indicative of said risk being increased or effectiveness being modulated.

[0015] The present invention is thus directed to a method for detecting a risk of cancer, coronary or cerebrovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dementia, arthrosis or cataract in a subject, comprising isolating genomic DNA from said subject, determining the allelic pattern in the exon number 4 in the codon number 102 of the paraoxonase encoding PON1 gene in the genomic DNA, and identification of Ile102 Val mutation indicating said risk being increased.

[0016] The present invention is also directed to a method for assessing the effectiveness of paraoxonase inducing therapy of a subject, comprising isolating genomic DNA from said subject, determining the allelic pattern in the exon number 4 in the codon number 102 of the paraoxonase encoding PON1 gene in the genomic DNA, and identification of Ile102Val mutation indicating said effectiveness being modulated, e.g. reduced.

[0017] The invention is also directed to a method for determining the presence or absence in a biological sample of a DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant paraoxonase protein, the method comprising isolating genomic DNA from said subject, determining the allelic pattern in the exon number 4 in the codon number 102 of the paraoxonase encoding PON1 gene in the genomic DNA, and identification of Ile102Val mutation indicating the presence of said DNA sequence.

[0018] The techniques for carrying out such a method and presented here are intended to be non-limiting examples. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other methods for detection of the variant DNA sequence can be used, developed or modified.

[0019] One detection method is minisequencing which is based on a minisequencing reaction, in which an oligonucleotide that ends one nucleotide upstream the variant nucleotide, is enzymatically elongated by one nucleotide that is complementary to either the variant or the wild type nucleotide in the target sequence, and this added labelled nucleotide is detected. Such label can be, for example, radioactive or fluorescent label.

[0020] Another detection method is based on appearance or disappearance of an enzymatic cleavage site by the variant nucleotide. This kind of detection can be performed by first amplificating the target nucleotide sequence by a polymerase chain reaction with primers that flank the variant nucleotide, and then digesting the reaction product with a restriction endonuclease that recognises only the variant or only the wild- type sequence, producing DNA fragments of different length for each. These fragments may be recognised, for example, by gel electroforesis with DNA staining.

[0021] Yet another detection method is the oligonucleotide ligation assay, in which two allele specific oligonucleotide probes and one common oligonucleotide probe are used to distinguish between the variant and wild-type nucleotide. In this method, the target sequence is hybridised with the three oligonucleotide probes, and the probe pair that is complementary to the target sequence is joined enzymatically at the site of the variant nucleotide. The detection of the two alleles is based on differing labels, for example fluorescent labels of different colour, of the two allele specific oligonucleotide probes.

[0022] Furherrnore, a detection method is the single stranded conformational analysis, in which the different alleles of a target sequence are identified on the basis of a difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the two alleles. In this method, the variant and wild-type target sequences that are in single stranded form, migrate with different speed through an electrophoresis matrix. Preferably, the target sequence is first amplified with a polymerase chain reaction, and the product is labelled for detection by radioactive or fluorescent label.

[0023] Yet furthermore, a detection method is sequencing, in which each nucleotide of the target sequence is identified. The variant allele is identified by the variant nucleotide.

[0024] Another detection method is allele specific hybridisation, in which an oligonucleotide probe is hybridised with the target sequence, and in which the probe is complementary only to the variant or wild-type allele. Preferably, two allele specific probes are used simultaneously to identify both alleles. Detection of a successful hybridisation and the determination of a genotype is based on detection of the probe-target duplex, on a basis of enzymatic colour reaction, or based on a label on the probe or on the target, for example a radioactive or a fluorescent label.

[0025] The present invention is also directed to a kit or assay for detecting a risk of cancer, 30 coronary or cerebrovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension or dementia and sensitivity to organophosphorus compounds, and/or for assessing the need for or effectiveness of paraoxonase inducing therapy in a subject, comprising means for determining the allelic pattern in the exon number 4 in the codon 102 of the paraoxonase encoding PON1 gene in a genomic DNA sample. The assay may be a part of a DNA macroarray or rnicroarray or a DNA chip or a DNA slide, which is intended for the detection of multiple gene mutations.

[0026] According to a further aspect, the present invention concerns a transgenic animal which carries a human DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant human paraoxonase protein.

[0027] According to a farther aspect, the present invention concerns the method of phenotype-targeted gene sequencing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] In order to find new previously unknown functional mutations in the human PON1 gene, phenotype-targeted hierarchial sequencing was used. The serum paraoxonase activity was determined for over 1000 serum samples. DNA samples of 10 persons with the lowest PON activity were first chosen for sequencing and they were sequenced through in all 9 exons with an ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). A new previously unknown human PON1 mutation was found in codon number 102 in exon number 4, called PON Ile102Val, causing the change ATC to GTC; Ile to Val. After the new mutation was found, DNA samples of 100 men with low paraoxonase activities were sequenced, and the mutation was present in 9.0% of the subjects. Finally 1,595 DNA samples available in the KIHD (Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) cohort were genotyped and the new mutation was found for 61 persons; 3.8% of the random population sample of men.

[0029] A polymerase chain reaction was carried out as follows: the genomic DNA was amplified in eight parts specific for the PON1-gene and for its exons 1 to 9.Eight different amplifications were made, with eight different PCR primer pairs (SEQ ID NO:5-20); one pair for each exon except for the exons 2 and 3 which were amplified together. All 9 exons were sequenced.

[0030] The kit or assay for use in the method according to the invention preferably contains the various components needed for carrying out the method packaged in separate containers and/or vials and including instructions for carrying out the method. Thus, for example, some or all of the various reagents and other ingredients needed for carrying out the determination, such as buffers, primers, enzymes, control samples or standards etc can be packaged separately but provided for use in the same box. Instructions for carrying out the method can be included inside the box, as a separate insert, or as a label on the box and/or on the separate vials.

Experimental Section

[0031] Polymerase Chain Reaction

[0032] The method according to the invention for determining the allelic pattern of the codon in question is preferably carried out as a polymerase chain reaction, in accordance with known techniques.³ The PCR primer pair for human paraoxonase (PON 1) exon number 4 was as follow: 5′-CTCCTCCATGGTTATAAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9) and 5′-CCCAGAGTAAGAACATTATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) (product size 315 bp). The primers were designed by Maia Marchesani and they were delivered by the AIV Institute, sequencing services (Kuopio, Finland). PCR amplification was conducted in a 25 μl volume containing 150 ng genomic DNA (extracted from peripheral blood), 10 ×PCR buffer, dNTP (10 mM of each), 20 pmovgl/μl of each primer, DNA-polymerase (2U/μl) (DyNAzymeTM DNA polymerase kit, Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland ). Samples were amplified with a Biometra UNO programmable thermoblock (Biometra, Gottingen, Germany) with PCR programme conditions as follows: 95 ° C. for 3 minutes, Repeat following for 30 cycles: 95° C. for 30 seconds, 58° C. for 45 seconds, 72° C. for 45 seconds, 72° C. for 5 minutes, 4° C. hold. Amplified PCR-products were purified using the QIAquik PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.).

[0033] Sequencing

[0034] Sequencing was made using a ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer is a fluorescence-based DNA analysis system of capillary electrophoresis with 16 capillaries operating in parallel, fully automated from sample loading to data analysis.

[0035] The sequencing reactions were made by using the DNA Sequencing Kit; Big Dye TM Terminator cycle sequencing v.2.0 ready reactions with ampliTaqo DNA polymerase (Fs ABI PRISM®, PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The sequencing primers were the same as the PCR primers: 5′ -CTCCTCCATGGTTATAAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9) or 5′ -CCCAGAGTAAGAACATTATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10). Cycle sequencing was made in the GeneArnp PCR System 9600 (PE Biosystems) with the programme as follows: Repeat the following for 25 cycles; rapid thermal ramp to 96° C., 96° C. for 10 seconds, rapid thermal ramp to 50 ° C., 50 ° C. for 5 seconds, rapid thermal ramp to 60 °C., 60 °C. for 4 minutes (to perform cycle sequencing under standard conditions, ABI PRISM®) 3100 Genetic Analyzer Sequencing Chemistry Guide, Applied Biosystems).

[0036] Dye Terminator Removal and sequencing reaction clean-up was made using multiscreen 96-well filtration plates (Multiscreen(® -HV clear plates, Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). After purification the samples were denaturated at 94° C. for 1 min and the sequencing was done using the ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer using MicroAmp optical. 96-well reaction plates (Applied Biosystems).

[0037] Genotyping

[0038] Specifically genotyping was done by extracting DNA from EDTA blood with a salting-out method after lysing red cells with 10 mM NaCl10 mM EDTA. The 315 bp exon 4 PCR-product of the PON1 gene was digested with Sau 3 AI restriction endonuclease (New England BioLabs, Beverly, Mass.), mixed with 6×loading dye solution and run in 2.0 % agarose gel electroforesis. Identification of normal and mutant forms was based on different electrophoretic migration rates of the restriction fragments, resulting in distinct bands (normal form (1(Ile102Ele);196 bp,100 bp,19 bp, heterozygote form (Ile102Val); 215 bp,196 bp,100 bp,19 bp and homozygote form (Val102Val); 215 bp,100 bp).

[0039] Detennination of Serum PON Activity

[0040] Serum paraoxonase activity was measured based on its capacity to hydrolyse paraoxon. 100 μl of diluted serum (25-fold dilution in TRIS-HCI buffer, pH 8.0) was mixed with 100 μl of paraoxon (Paraoxon, Dr. Ehrensdorfer GmbH, Augsburg, Germany) (0.1g in 66.1 ml of TRIS-HCl buffer, pH 8.0). Formation of p-nitrophenol was monitored photometrically at 405 nm (at 30C), as previously described 12

[0041] Testing for the Risk of Cancer, Coronary or Cerebrovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes or Hypertension

[0042] The study subjects were from the “Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study” (KIHD), a prospective population study to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dementia and cancers. ^(13-17,19,20) The KIHD study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Kuopio, Finland. The study sample comprised men from Eastern Finland aged 42, 48, 54 or 60 years. A total of 2,682 men were examined during 1984-89. All participants gave a written informed consent. A DNA sample was available for 1595 men.

[0043] All cancer cases in the health care have been reported to a national cancer registry in Finland since 1953.¹⁸ Our study cohort was record-linked to this cancer registry data by using the unique personal identification code (social security number) that all Finns have. Deaths in the cohort were obtained by record linkage to the national death certificate registry and hospitalizations by record linkage to the national hospital discharge registry. The history of hypertension and diabetes was assessed at baseline and at a 4-year follow-up by self-administered questionnaire, checked by an interviewer. Both at baseline and at the 4-year follow-up examination, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were measured using identical methods both at baseline and at the 4-year follow-up.^(16,20)

[0044] The first occurrence of cancer after the KIMD baseline examination was registered in the cancer registry during 1984-97 for 60 cohort members. The primary site was prostate for 15 cancers. There were 1246 men with no prior CHD or cerebrovascular disease. Of these, 342 were smokers and 904 non-smokers. Of the smokers, 21 died of a cardiovascular cause by the end of 1998. Of the 515 men examined at baseline during 1984-86, 36 developed an arthrosis (ICD-10 M15-M19) by the end of 1998. Of the 1107 non-smoking men, 23 developed a cataract (ICD-10 H26-H29) by the end of 1998.

[0045] The association of the PON1 Ile 102 Val genotype with the risk of hypertension and diabetes was studied among 1038 men who were re-examined 4 years after the baseline examination, see references 15,19 for details of the re-examination. For the analysis of the incidence of hypertension, hypertensive (history of hypertension, antihypertensive medication or systolic BP 160 mrnHg or more or diastolic BP 95 mmHg or more) and obese (body mass index 29 kg/m² or more) men and those with a history of cancer were excluded, leaving 488 men for the analysis. For the analysis of the incidence of type 2 diabetes, men with a history of cancer or prevalent diabetes at baseline (fasting blood glucose 6.7 mmol/l or more or treatment for diabetes) were excluded, after which exclusion there were 967 men for the analysis.

[0046] Lipoproteins were separated from fresh serum samples using ultracentrifugation and precipitation. ^(13,14) Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured enzymatically, plasma ascorbate and lipid-standardized plasma vitamin E concentration by HPLC methods ^(16,20) serum ferritin and apolipoproteins with a RIA¹². The maximal oxygen uptake, a measure of cardiorespiratory capacity, was measured directly during a symptom limited exercise test.¹⁵ Information regarding medical history and medications was obtained by interview. Smoking was recorded using a self-administered questionnaire and the dietary intake of nutrients was estimated by four-day food recording.¹⁷

[0047] Risk-factor adjusted relative risks of cancer, prostate cancer and cardiovascular death were estimated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling and those of incident hypertension and incident diabetes by multivariate logistic regression modelling. Covariates were selected by forward step-up modelling, using P-value of 0.10 as entry criterium. Missing values in covariates were replaced by grand means. Tests of statistical significance were one-sided. The statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 10.0 for Windows.

[0048] Of all members of the study cohort, 61 (3.8 %) were Val allele carriers of the PON1 gene Ile102 Val polymorphism. To ascertain the penetrance of the PON1 102 mutation, serum PON activity was measured at the 11 -year re-examination for 783 cohort members as described above. The mean activity was 168.7 U/l in the wild Ile-Ile homozygotes vs. 70.7 U/l in 102Val carriers (p<0.001). In a 2-way analysis of variance (n=782), the Ile102 Val polymorphism (p<0.001) was a stronger predictor of paraoxonase activity than the Leu54Met polymorphism (p=0.016).

[0049] In a multivariate Cox model adjusting for the strongest other risk factors in this cohort: maximal oxygen uptake, dietary vitamin C intake, smoking status (current smoker vs. non-smoker), body mass index, serum lipoprotein (a), dietary iron intake and apolipoprotein B, the relative risk of any cancer in the 102Val carriers was 2.4 (90% CI 1.0 to 5.5, p=0.052), compared with 102Ele homozygotes (p<0.001 for the model, Table 1). This association was stronger in 462 smokers with 24 incident cancers (RR 3.2, 90% CI 0.9-10.8, p=0.060) than in 1107 nonsmokers with 36 incident cancers (RR1.5, 90% CI 0.4-4.8, p=0.300).

[0050] The risk of prostate cancer was 4.9-fold (90% CI 1.4-17.4, p=0.021) among 102 Val carriers compared with the wild homozygotes (Table 1). The model included maximal oxygen uptake, place of residence, serum HDL cholesterol, histories of stroke and any atherosclerosis-related disease, cholesterol lowering medication, dietary iron intake and diastolic blood pressure as covariates.

[0051] The risk of cataract was examined in non-smokers, because smoking is an overwhelmingly powerfil risk factor for cataracts. Among the 1107 non-smokers, the 102 Val carriers had a 3.8-fold (90% CI 1.1-13.0, p=0.038) risk of cataract in a Cox model adjusting for blood glucose, blood leukocyte count, hair mercury content and the examination year 1989 (Table 1).

[0052] Smoking men who were PON1 102 Val carriers had a 4.9-fold (90% CI 1.3-18.1, p=0.023) risk of cardiovascular death, compared with the 102Ile homozygotes (Table 1). The covariates included in the model were maximal oxygen uptake, history of any atherosclerosis-related disease, place of residence, serum apolipoprotein B level, plasma lipid-standardized vitamin E concentration (protective), examination year 1988 (vs. any other), and the serum fatty acid ratio (saturated/sum of monoenes and polyenes).

[0053] Among non-obese men, the PON1 102 Val carriers had a 2.9-fold (90% CI1.3-6.5, p=0.019) risk of hypertension, compared with non-carriers (Table 2), when adjusting for serum triglycerides, CHD in exercise test, dietary vitamin E intake (protective), frequency of hangovers, dietary retinol intake, and PON1 54 polymorphism.

[0054] As arthrosis is a chronic, gradually developing disease, only men examined in the first three years (1984-6) were included in a logistic regression analysis (Table 2). The carriers of the 102 Val mutation had a 4.0-fold (90%CI 1.3-12.4, p=0.022) risk of developing an arthrosis during the follow-up, when adjusting for waist-to-hip circumference ratio, serum ferritin and dietary intakes of vitamin E and vitamin C.

[0055] Men with an 102Val allele had a 3.2-fold (90% CI 1.1-9.3, p=0.039) risk of type 2 diabetes, as compared with 102Ile homozygotes. Covariates in the model were serum fatty acid ratio (defined above), serum ferritin concentration and family history of obesity.

[0056] The Mini Mental State Examination was used to assess the presence of cognitive impairment and the degree of dementia of the KMID participants aged 65-71 during 1998-2000. The test examines orientation (ten items), registration (three items), attention and calculation (five items), recall (three items) and language (nine items). A correct response to each item scores 1 (incorrect 0), which are summed to give a potential maximum score of 30. Higher scores indicate better cognitive function. The mean score was 25.5 (SD 2.5) among the 26 carriers of the PON102 Val allele and 26.4 (SD 2.2) among 338 non-carriers for whom data were available (one-sided p=0.03 1 in t-test, exact p=0.045). The Mini Mental State examination score was directly associated Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.14, p=0.008, n=359) with serum paraoxonase enzyme activity. This association remained statistically significant (p=0.012) after a statistical adjustment for age and socio-economic status, which were other strongest predictors of the score. TABLE 1 The association of PON1 102Val carrier status with the risk of any cancer, prostate cancer and cardiovascular death in multivariate Cox regression models in healthy men Number of men free of disease at entry At Who the start of developed Relative Disease follow-up disease risk (90% CI)* p-value Any cancer** 1569 60 2.35 (1.00, 5.54) 0.052 Prostate 1569 15 4.86 (1.36, 17.36) 0.021 cancer** Cataract** 1107 23 3.79 (1.10, 12.98) 0.038 non-smokers Cardiovascular  342 21 4.93 (1.34, 18.10) 0.023 death*** smokers

[0057] TABLE 2 The association of PON1 102Val carrier status with the risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in multivariate logistic regression models in healthy men Number of men free of disease at entry At Who the start of developed Relative Disease follow-up disease risk (90% CI)* p-value Hypertension** 488 non- 109 2.85 (1.25, 6.51) 0.019 obese men Arthrosis*** 515 men 36 3.99 (1.29, 12.36) 0.022 examined in 1984-6 Type 967 non- 33 3.17 (1.08, 9.28) 0.039 2 diabetes**** diabetic men

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1 20 1 1068 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (1)..(1068) Coding sequence for variant human paraoxonase (PON1) protein 1 atg gcg aag ctg att gcg ctc acc ctc ttg ggg atg gga ctg gca ctc 48 Met Ala Lys Leu Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Leu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 ttc agg aac cac cag tct tct tac caa aca cga ctt aat gct ctc cga 96 Phe Arg Asn His Gln Ser Ser Tyr Gln Thr Arg Leu Asn Ala Leu Arg 20 25 30 gag gta caa ccc gta gaa ctt cct aac tgt aat tta gtt aaa gga atc 144 Glu Val Gln Pro Val Glu Leu Pro Asn Cys Asn Leu Val Lys Gly Ile 35 40 45 gaa act ggc tct gaa gac atg gag ata ctg cct aat gga ctg gct ttc 192 Glu Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Met Glu Ile Leu Pro Asn Gly Leu Ala Phe 50 55 60 att agc tct gga tta aag tat cct gga ata aag agc ttc aac ccc aac 240 Ile Ser Ser Gly Leu Lys Tyr Pro Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asn Pro Asn 65 70 75 80 agt cct gga aaa ata ctt ctg atg gac ctg aat gaa gaa gat cca aca 288 Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Asn Glu Glu Asp Pro Thr 85 90 95 gtg ttg gaa ttg ggg gtc act gga agt aaa ttt gat gta tct tca ttt 336 Val Leu Glu Leu Gly Val Thr Gly Ser Lys Phe Asp Val Ser Ser Phe 100 105 110 aac cct cat ggg att agc aca ttc aca gat gaa gat aat gcc atg tac 384 Asn Pro His Gly Ile Ser Thr Phe Thr Asp Glu Asp Asn Ala Met Tyr 115 120 125 ctc ctg gtg gtg aac cat cca gat gcc aag tcc aca gtg gag ttg ttt 432 Leu Leu Val Val Asn His Pro Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Val Glu Leu Phe 130 135 140 aaa ttt caa gaa gaa gaa aaa tcg ctt ttg cat cta aaa acc atc aga 480 Lys Phe Gln Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu His Leu Lys Thr Ile Arg 145 150 155 160 cat aaa ctt ctg cct aat ttg aat gat att gtt gct gtg gga cct gag 528 His Lys Leu Leu Pro Asn Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ala Val Gly Pro Glu 165 170 175 cac ttt tat ggc aca aat gat cac tat ttt ctt gac ccc tac tta caa 576 His Phe Tyr Gly Thr Asn Asp His Tyr Phe Leu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gln 180 185 190 tcc tgg gag atg tat ttg ggt tta gcg tgg tcg tat gtt gtc tac tat 624 Ser Trp Glu Met Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ala Trp Ser Tyr Val Val Tyr Tyr 195 200 205 agt cca agt gaa gtt cga gtg gtg gca gaa gga ttt gat ttt gct aat 672 Ser Pro Ser Glu Val Arg Val Val Ala Glu Gly Phe Asp Phe Ala Asn 210 215 220 gga atc aac att tca ccc gat ggc aag tat gtc tat ata gct gag ttg 720 Gly Ile Asn Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ile Ala Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 ctg gct cat aag att cat gtg tat gaa aag cat gct aat tgg act tta 768 Leu Ala His Lys Ile His Val Tyr Glu Lys His Ala Asn Trp Thr Leu 245 250 255 act cca ttg aag tcc ctt gac ttt aat acc ctc gtg gat aac ata tct 816 Thr Pro Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Phe Asn Thr Leu Val Asp Asn Ile Ser 260 265 270 gtg gat cct gag aca gga gac ctt tgg gtt gga tgc cat ccc aat ggc 864 Val Asp Pro Glu Thr Gly Asp Leu Trp Val Gly Cys His Pro Asn Gly 275 280 285 atg aaa atc ttc ttc tat gac tca gag aat cct cct gca tca gag gtg 912 Met Lys Ile Phe Phe Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro Pro Ala Ser Glu Val 290 295 300 ctt cga atc cag aac att cta aca gaa gaa cct aaa gtg aca cag gtt 960 Leu Arg Ile Gln Asn Ile Leu Thr Glu Glu Pro Lys Val Thr Gln Val 305 310 315 320 tat gca gaa aat ggc aca gtg ttg caa ggc agt aca gtt gcc tct gtg 1008 Tyr Ala Glu Asn Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Val 325 330 335 tac aaa ggg aaa ctg ctg att ggc aca gtg ttt cac aaa gct ctt tac 1056 Tyr Lys Gly Lys Leu Leu Ile Gly Thr Val Phe His Lys Ala Leu Tyr 340 345 350 tgt gag ctc taa 1068 Cys Glu Leu 355 2 355 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Ala Lys Leu Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Leu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Phe Arg Asn His Gln Ser Ser Tyr Gln Thr Arg Leu Asn Ala Leu Arg 20 25 30 Glu Val Gln Pro Val Glu Leu Pro Asn Cys Asn Leu Val Lys Gly Ile 35 40 45 Glu Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Met Glu Ile Leu Pro Asn Gly Leu Ala Phe 50 55 60 Ile Ser Ser Gly Leu Lys Tyr Pro Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asn Pro Asn 65 70 75 80 Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Asn Glu Glu Asp Pro Thr 85 90 95 Val Leu Glu Leu Gly Val Thr Gly Ser Lys Phe Asp Val Ser Ser Phe 100 105 110 Asn Pro His Gly Ile Ser Thr Phe Thr Asp Glu Asp Asn Ala Met Tyr 115 120 125 Leu Leu Val Val Asn His Pro Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Val Glu Leu Phe 130 135 140 Lys Phe Gln Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu His Leu Lys Thr Ile Arg 145 150 155 160 His Lys Leu Leu Pro Asn Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ala Val Gly Pro Glu 165 170 175 His Phe Tyr Gly Thr Asn Asp His Tyr Phe Leu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gln 180 185 190 Ser Trp Glu Met Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ala Trp Ser Tyr Val Val Tyr Tyr 195 200 205 Ser Pro Ser Glu Val Arg Val Val Ala Glu Gly Phe Asp Phe Ala Asn 210 215 220 Gly Ile Asn Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ile Ala Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala His Lys Ile His Val Tyr Glu Lys His Ala Asn Trp Thr Leu 245 250 255 Thr Pro Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Phe Asn Thr Leu Val Asp Asn Ile Ser 260 265 270 Val Asp Pro Glu Thr Gly Asp Leu Trp Val Gly Cys His Pro Asn Gly 275 280 285 Met Lys Ile Phe Phe Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro Pro Ala Ser Glu Val 290 295 300 Leu Arg Ile Gln Asn Ile Leu Thr Glu Glu Pro Lys Val Thr Gln Val 305 310 315 320 Tyr Ala Glu Asn Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Val 325 330 335 Tyr Lys Gly Lys Leu Leu Ile Gly Thr Val Phe His Lys Ala Leu Tyr 340 345 350 Cys Glu Leu 355 3 1068 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (1)..(1068) Coding sequence for Human Paraoxonase (PON1) gene 3 atg gcg aag ctg att gcg ctc acc ctc ttg ggg atg gga ctg gca ctc 48 Met Ala Lys Leu Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Leu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 ttc agg aac cac cag tct tct tac caa aca cga ctt aat gct ctc cga 96 Phe Arg Asn His Gln Ser Ser Tyr Gln Thr Arg Leu Asn Ala Leu Arg 20 25 30 gag gta caa ccc gta gaa ctt cct aac tgt aat tta gtt aaa gga atc 144 Glu Val Gln Pro Val Glu Leu Pro Asn Cys Asn Leu Val Lys Gly Ile 35 40 45 gaa act ggc tct gaa gac atg gag ata ctg cct aat gga ctg gct ttc 192 Glu Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Met Glu Ile Leu Pro Asn Gly Leu Ala Phe 50 55 60 att agc tct gga tta aag tat cct gga ata aag agc ttc aac ccc aac 240 Ile Ser Ser Gly Leu Lys Tyr Pro Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asn Pro Asn 65 70 75 80 agt cct gga aaa ata ctt ctg atg gac ctg aat gaa gaa gat cca aca 288 Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Asn Glu Glu Asp Pro Thr 85 90 95 gtg ttg gaa ttg ggg atc act gga agt aaa ttt gat gta tct tca ttt 336 Val Leu Glu Leu Gly Ile Thr Gly Ser Lys Phe Asp Val Ser Ser Phe 100 105 110 aac cct cat ggg att agc aca ttc aca gat gaa gat aat gcc atg tac 384 Asn Pro His Gly Ile Ser Thr Phe Thr Asp Glu Asp Asn Ala Met Tyr 115 120 125 ctc ctg gtg gtg aac cat cca gat gcc aag tcc aca gtg gag ttg ttt 432 Leu Leu Val Val Asn His Pro Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Val Glu Leu Phe 130 135 140 aaa ttt caa gaa gaa gaa aaa tcg ctt ttg cat cta aaa acc atc aga 480 Lys Phe Gln Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu His Leu Lys Thr Ile Arg 145 150 155 160 cat aaa ctt ctg cct aat ttg aat gat att gtt gct gtg gga cct gag 528 His Lys Leu Leu Pro Asn Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ala Val Gly Pro Glu 165 170 175 cac ttt tat ggc aca aat gat cac tat ttt ctt gac ccc tac tta caa 576 His Phe Tyr Gly Thr Asn Asp His Tyr Phe Leu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gln 180 185 190 tcc tgg gag atg tat ttg ggt tta gcg tgg tcg tat gtt gtc tac tat 624 Ser Trp Glu Met Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ala Trp Ser Tyr Val Val Tyr Tyr 195 200 205 agt cca agt gaa gtt cga gtg gtg gca gaa gga ttt gat ttt gct aat 672 Ser Pro Ser Glu Val Arg Val Val Ala Glu Gly Phe Asp Phe Ala Asn 210 215 220 gga atc aac att tca ccc gat ggc aag tat gtc tat ata gct gag ttg 720 Gly Ile Asn Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ile Ala Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 ctg gct cat aag att cat gtg tat gaa aag cat gct aat tgg act tta 768 Leu Ala His Lys Ile His Val Tyr Glu Lys His Ala Asn Trp Thr Leu 245 250 255 act cca ttg aag tcc ctt gac ttt aat acc ctc gtg gat aac ata tct 816 Thr Pro Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Phe Asn Thr Leu Val Asp Asn Ile Ser 260 265 270 gtg gat cct gag aca gga gac ctt tgg gtt gga tgc cat ccc aat ggc 864 Val Asp Pro Glu Thr Gly Asp Leu Trp Val Gly Cys His Pro Asn Gly 275 280 285 atg aaa atc ttc ttc tat gac tca gag aat cct cct gca tca gag gtg 912 Met Lys Ile Phe Phe Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro Pro Ala Ser Glu Val 290 295 300 ctt cga atc cag aac att cta aca gaa gaa cct aaa gtg aca cag gtt 960 Leu Arg Ile Gln Asn Ile Leu Thr Glu Glu Pro Lys Val Thr Gln Val 305 310 315 320 tat gca gaa aat ggc aca gtg ttg caa ggc agt aca gtt gcc tct gtg 1008 Tyr Ala Glu Asn Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Val 325 330 335 tac aaa ggg aaa ctg ctg att ggc aca gtg ttt cac aaa gct ctt tac 1056 Tyr Lys Gly Lys Leu Leu Ile Gly Thr Val Phe His Lys Ala Leu Tyr 340 345 350 tgt gag ctc taa 1068 Cys Glu Leu 355 4 355 PRT Homo sapiens 4 Met Ala Lys Leu Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Leu Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Phe Arg Asn His Gln Ser Ser Tyr Gln Thr Arg Leu Asn Ala Leu Arg 20 25 30 Glu Val Gln Pro Val Glu Leu Pro Asn Cys Asn Leu Val Lys Gly Ile 35 40 45 Glu Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Met Glu Ile Leu Pro Asn Gly Leu Ala Phe 50 55 60 Ile Ser Ser Gly Leu Lys Tyr Pro Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asn Pro Asn 65 70 75 80 Ser Pro Gly Lys Ile Leu Leu Met Asp Leu Asn Glu Glu Asp Pro Thr 85 90 95 Val Leu Glu Leu Gly Ile Thr Gly Ser Lys Phe Asp Val Ser Ser Phe 100 105 110 Asn Pro His Gly Ile Ser Thr Phe Thr Asp Glu Asp Asn Ala Met Tyr 115 120 125 Leu Leu Val Val Asn His Pro Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Val Glu Leu Phe 130 135 140 Lys Phe Gln Glu Glu Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu His Leu Lys Thr Ile Arg 145 150 155 160 His Lys Leu Leu Pro Asn Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ala Val Gly Pro Glu 165 170 175 His Phe Tyr Gly Thr Asn Asp His Tyr Phe Leu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gln 180 185 190 Ser Trp Glu Met Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ala Trp Ser Tyr Val Val Tyr Tyr 195 200 205 Ser Pro Ser Glu Val Arg Val Val Ala Glu Gly Phe Asp Phe Ala Asn 210 215 220 Gly Ile Asn Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ile Ala Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala His Lys Ile His Val Tyr Glu Lys His Ala Asn Trp Thr Leu 245 250 255 Thr Pro Leu Lys Ser Leu Asp Phe Asn Thr Leu Val Asp Asn Ile Ser 260 265 270 Val Asp Pro Glu Thr Gly Asp Leu Trp Val Gly Cys His Pro Asn Gly 275 280 285 Met Lys Ile Phe Phe Tyr Asp Ser Glu Asn Pro Pro Ala Ser Glu Val 290 295 300 Leu Arg Ile Gln Asn Ile Leu Thr Glu Glu Pro Lys Val Thr Gln Val 305 310 315 320 Tyr Ala Glu Asn Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Gly Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Val 325 330 335 Tyr Lys Gly Lys Leu Leu Ile Gly Thr Val Phe His Lys Ala Leu Tyr 340 345 350 Cys Glu Leu 355 5 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 5 gtgcatctag cacctgcttg 20 6 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 6 cagttggaag gagcaaaatg g 21 7 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 7 ggagaacttt tgtggacctg 20 8 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 8 aagtgggcat gggtatacag 20 9 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 9 ctcctccatg gttataaggg 20 10 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 10 cccagagtaa gaacattatt c 21 11 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 11 gactgtcact ggttcttcct 20 12 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 12 cgctacagct aaaggaaaat 20 13 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 13 gtctaaggat tgtatcggca 20 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 14 cactagggta acatgttaaa 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 15 gttgtgttac ttctagtact 20 16 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 16 ctaatgactc ttaataaagg 20 17 22 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 17 ggcagaatgt taaccttgga ag 22 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 18 catggtgcat gcgcctgtgg 20 19 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 19 gtctagatac tctccacctc 20 20 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer targeted to Homo sapiens 20 ctgaacaaga catggcaagg c 21 

1. The DNA sequence 5′-CTCCTCCATGGTTATAAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9).
 2. The DNA sequence 5′-CCCAGAGTAAGAACATTATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10).
 3. A variant paraoxonase protein having a substitution of isoleucine by valine, as coded by the codon 102 of exon 4 of the PON1 gene.
 4. The variant protein according to claim 3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 5. A capturing probe which comprises a single stranded polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant human paraoxonase protein having a substitution of isoleucine by valine at the residue corresponding to position 102 of SEQ ID NO.
 4. 6. A capturing probe which comprises a single stranded polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a human paraoxonase protein.
 7. A kit or assay comprising means for determining the presence or absence in a serum sample of a variant protein of claim
 3. 8. A transgenic non-human animal comprising a human DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant paraoxonase protein having a Ile102 Val substitution.
 9. A method of phenotype-targeted gene sequencing and other mutation search methods, in which DNA samples of subjects are selected on the basis of phenotypic measurements of a protein concentration or enzyme activity of the protein encoded by the gene to be sequenced. 